EXPLAINER: Why popes are buried in three coffins: A tradition steeped in symbolism and history

The Vatican tradition indicates that popes be buried in the three sets; One made of cypress wood, zinc (or lead) and oak, in that order, marking a symbolic and highly ceremonial event in reflection with centuries of Catholic traditions.
The second coffin, traditionally made of zinc or lead, serves a preservation purpose.

Pope Francis’ decision to opt for a simpler burial—with a single wooden coffin lined with zinc—has raised eyebrows around the globe, breaking with a long-standing tradition in which popes have been laid to rest in three nested coffins.

Pope Francis’ decision to forgo the traditional burial rites reflects the simplicity and humility that have characterized his entire papacy.

Since becoming pope in 2013, the Argentine Jesuit has consistently avoided displays of extravagance—choosing to reside in the Vatican’s Santa Marta guesthouse rather than the grand Apostolic Palace and often traveling in modest cars.

He frequently emphasizes his role as the “bishop of Rome,” a title that underscores his pastoral focus and humility. His recent burial preferences are consistent with this outlook.

He also requested to be laid to rest at the Basilica of St. Mary Major, rather than within the Vatican.

This church holds personal significance for him, as he regularly visited it to pray before the icon Salus Populi Romani after returning from international journeys. “It’s a devotion very close to my heart,” he said in a 2023 interview.

While Pope Francis opted for a simpler burial, many elements of the traditional papal funeral remain unchanged.

Following a pope’s death, the body is formally prepared—clothed in red liturgical garments—and placed in his private chapel for the official confirmation of death, a process overseen by the camerlengo, currently Cardinal Kevin Farrell.

The coffin also contains symbolic items, including a pouch of coins minted during the pontificate and a document known as the rogito, a brief summary of the pope’s life and leadership, sealed in a metal container.

The funeral Mass is usually led by the dean of the College of Cardinals or a high-ranking cleric.

After the burial, the Church observes a nine-day mourning period called the novemdiales, during which prayers and memorial services are held before the process of selecting the next pope begins.

The Vatican released photos of the pontiff lying in repose inside a plain wooden casket.

He was dressed in red vestments and his bishop’s miter, with Cardinal Pietro Parolin, the Vatican Secretary of State, praying over him.

In accordance with his final wishes, Pope Francis was dressed in full papal vestments and held a rosary—an expression of his deep personal devotion and spiritual humility.

The rosary, placed gently in his hands, symbolized both the communion of saints and the hope of eternal life.

Unlike the traditional three-tiered burial—featuring cypress, lead (or zinc), and oak—Pope Francis’ coffin featured only a zinc lining, underscoring his lifelong commitment to simplicity and humility, even in death.

Historically, popes have been buried in three separate coffins, each nested within the other. The Vatican’s centuries-old custom includes:

Cypress (inner coffin): Symbolizing humility and the pope’s service to God, cypress is associated with mourning, grief, and eternal life.

This coffin typically contains a sealed document known as the Rogito, summarising the pope’s life and key acts during his papacy.

Zinc or Lead (middle coffin): Designed to preserve the body by protecting it from moisture and decay, this layer also represents strength and endurance, reflecting the lasting nature of the Church.

Oak (outer coffin): The most visible and ornate, oak symbolizes nobility, leadership, and dignity. It is often engraved with the pope’s name, coat of arms, and the dates of his papacy.

Together, the three coffins represent the multifaceted identity of a pope: a humble servant, a revered leader, and a symbol of the Church’s continuity.

Traditionally, papal burials are held in the crypt beneath St. Peter’s Basilica, where many of Pope Francis’ predecessors rest.

However, Francis requested instead to be buried at Rome’s Basilica of St. Mary Major, reflecting his personal connection to the site and his ongoing message of modesty.

Though Pope Francis chose a more austere farewell, the legacy of the traditional three-coffin burial remains a powerful ritual—one steeped in spiritual symbolism and historical reverence, offering a final testament to the enduring traditions of the Catholic faith.