In recent decades, the concept of democratisation through elections has been a central tenet of Africa's political landscape. Yet, as the continent navigates its journey towards democratic governance, the question arises: is this notion merely a myth, or is it a tangible reality?
In 2024, Africa is set to experience a flurry of electoral activities, with 19 countries scheduled to hold presidential or general elections. These elections vary widely, ranging from fiercely contested multiparty contests to mere formalities. Notably, a significant majority of these elections are concentrated in the final quarter of the year.
In southern Africa, where single-party dominance has been the norm for years, some countries may witness their first-ever transitions of power, while others may see the emergence of power-sharing coalitions. This potential shift signals a positive evolution of multiparty politics and encourages innovative approaches to governance.
Furthermore, several Sahelian countries that have experienced coups in recent times are on track to hold elections as part of their agreed-upon timetable to return to civilian rule. The outcomes of these elections will significantly influence the governance trajectory of the region and its response to growing security challenges.
However, about half of the scheduled elections are unlikely to be competitive due to the heavy-handed control of the electoral process by entrenched incumbents. This raises fundamental questions about what constitutes a genuine election and the legitimacy derived from a truly representative mandate. Many of these countries grapple with legacies of military rule, whether direct or indirect.
The tightly controlled electoral environments pose significant challenges for Regional Economic Communities, the African Union, media organisations, and international democratic stakeholders. They must navigate the delicate task of distinguishing between orchestrated exercises and genuinely competitive elections, thereby shaping electoral norms and expectations. Failing to address these issues risks further diminishing the standards of electoral integrity.
Nevertheless, a common thread running through these countries is the strong desire among citizens to have their voices heard. This underscores Africa's collective aspiration for more accountable, citizen-centric, and democratic governance.
Here are some common myths and realities that have haunted the electoral processes in Africa over the decades:
Elections as a façade: critics argue that elections in Africa often serve as a mere facade, offering the illusion of democracy while preserving authoritarian rule.
These elections, they contend, are marred by irregularities, voter intimidation, and manipulation, rendering them far from free and fair. The recent history of rigged elections and power consolidation by incumbents in various African countries provides ample fodder for this argument.
Elections as seeds of change: However, amidst the scepticism lies a profound reality: elections have undeniably planted the seeds of change across the African continent. Take, for instance, the case of Nigeria, where the transition from military rule to civilian democracy in 1999 marked a milestone. Despite ongoing challenges, Nigeria has witnessed multiple peaceful transitions of power through elections, demonstrating the potential for democratic progress.
One-Party Dominance: another argument against the democratisation narrative is the prevalence of one-party dominance in many African nations. Critics point to countries like Zimbabwe and Angola, where ruling parties have maintained a stranglehold on power for decades, using elections as a tool for perpetuating their rule. This entrenched political monopoly undermines the very essence of multiparty democracy, sceptics assert.
Emergence of alternatives: yet, even in the face of one-party dominance, Africa has seen the emergence of alternative voices and movements challenging the status quo. The recent political upheavals in countries like Sudan and Ethiopia illustrate the power of popular movements in demanding political reform and accountability. These movements, driven by a desire for genuine democracy, offer a glimmer of hope amid the darkness of autocratic rule.
Coup culture: a prevalent myth surrounding democratisation in Africa is the persistence of the ‘coup culture’, in which military interventions disrupt democratic processes and undermine stability. The coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and Guinea in the recent past are stark reminders of this enduring challenge, casting doubt on the feasibility of democratic consolidation.
Resilience of institutions: However, Africa's democratic journey is not defined solely by coups and setbacks. The continent has witnessed the resilience of democratic institutions in the face of adversity. Take, Kenya, for instance, often hailed as the beacon of democracy in all of Africa. Despite experiencing violent elections in 2007 and several other elections before and after that, Kenya has established robust electoral mechanisms, a judicial system and a vibrant civil society, demonstrating the capacity for democratic resilience. The same is true in Ghana, a beacon of Democracy in West Africa.
In concluding the ongoing debate over the democratisation of Africa through elections, it is essential to acknowledge both the myths and realities shaping the continent's political landscape.
While challenges persist, from electoral fraud to authoritarian rule, there is also evidence of progress, however incremental. As Africans continue to strive for democratic governance, let us confront the myths, embrace the realities, and work towards a future where democracy thrives for all.
Lawyer, programme officer at ICJ Kenya and a fellow at NOREC (Norwegian Agency for Exchange Cooperation)